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| combatant2= Iraq * MEK | commander1= Ruhollah Khomeini (Supreme Leader of Iran) | commander2= Saddam Hussein (President of Iraq) | units1 = Iranian Armed Forces * 15px Army * * 15px Ground Force * * 15px Air Force * * 15px Navy * * 15px Air Defence * * 15px Army Aviation * 15px Revolutionary Guards * * Ground Force * * Aerospace Force * * Navy * * Quds Force * 15px Gendarmerie * Shahrbani * Basij * Irregular Warfare Headquarters Peshmerga | units2 = Iraqi Armed Forces * Army * Navy * Air Force * Air Defense * Army Air Corps * 15px Republican Guard * 15px Popular Army National Defense Battalions National Liberation Army of Iran | strength1=At the onset of the war:〔Pollack, p, 186〕 110,000–150,000 soldiers, 1,700–2,100 tanks,〔Farrokh, Kaveh, 305 (2011)〕 (500 operable)〔Pollack, p. 187〕 1,000 armoured vehicles, 300 operable artillery pieces,〔Farrokh, Kaveh, 304 (2011)〕 320 fighter-bombers (~100 operable), 750 helicopters After Iraq withdrew from Iran in 1982: 350,000 soldiers, 700 tanks, 2,700 armoured vehicles, 400 artillery pieces, 350 aircraft, 700 helicopters At the end of the war:〔Pollack, p. 3〕 900,000 soldiers, 2,500,000 militia, 1,000 operable tanks, 800 armoured vehicles, 600 artillery pieces, 60–80 fighter-bombers, 70–90 helicopters | strength2=At the onset of the war:〔Pollack, p. 186〕 200,000 soldiers, 2,800 tanks, 4,000 APCs, 1,400 artillery pieces, 380 fighter-bombers, 350 helicopters After Iraq withdrew from Iran in 1982: 175,000 soldiers, 1,200 tanks, 2,300 armoured vehicles, 400 artillery pieces, 450 aircraft, 180 helicopters At the end of the war: 1,500,000 soldiers,〔 ~5,000 tanks, 8,500–10,000 APCs, 6,000–12,000 artillery pieces, 700 fighter-bombers, 1,000 helicopters | casualties1= 123,220–160,000 KIA and 60,711 MIA (Iranian claim) 200,000–600,000 killed (other estimates)〔〔〔Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1999) P. 134-5〕〔Dunnigan, A Quick and Dirty Guide to War (1991)〕〔Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History, by Jan Palmowski (Oxford, 1997)〕〔Clodfelter, Michael, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618-1991〕〔Chirot, Daniel: Modern Tyrants : the power and prevalence of evil in our age (1994)〕〔"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict : A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945-1995 (1997) p. 195〕 800,000 killed (Iraqi claim)〔 1,000,000+ killed (other estimates)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Iran and Iraq remember war that cost more than a million lives )〕 320,000–500,000 WIA 40,000–42,875 POW〔〔 11,000–16,000 civilian dead〔〔 Economic loss of US$627 billion〔〔 | casualties2= 105,000–375,000 killed〔〔〔 250,000–500,000 (other estimates)〔 400,000 WIA 70,000 POW〔〔 Economic loss of $561 billion〔〔 | notes=¹ The exact number of Iraqi Shia that fought alongside Iran is unknown. The Iraqi political parties SCIRI and Islamic Da'wa Party supported Iran during the war. Iran would sometimes organise divisions of Iraqi POWs to fight against Iraq. | casualties3= 100,000+ civilians killed on both sides (not including 50,000-100,000 civilians killed in the Al-Anfal Campaign) }} The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the 20th century's longest conventional war. It was initially referred to in English as the Gulf War prior to the Persian Gulf War of the early 1990s. The Iran–Iraq War began when Iraq invaded Iran via air and land on 22 September 1980. It followed a long history of border disputes, and was motivated by fears that the Iranian Revolution in 1979 would inspire insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority, as well as Iraq's desire to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's revolutionary chaos and attacked without formal warning, it made only limited progress into Iran and was quickly repelled; Iran regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982. For the next six years, Iran was on the offensive. A number of proxy forces participated in the war, most notably the Iranian Mujahedin-e-Khalq siding with Ba'athist Iraq and Iraqi Kurdish militias of Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan siding with Iran—all suffering a major blow by the end of the conflict. Despite calls for a ceasefire by the United Nations Security Council, hostilities continued until 20 August 1988. The war finally ended with Resolution 598, a U.N.-brokered ceasefire which was accepted by both sides. At the war's conclusion, it took several weeks for Iranian armed forces to evacuate Iraqi territory to honour pre-war international borders set by the 1975 Algiers Agreement. The last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003.〔 The war cost both sides in lives and economic damage: half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers, with an equivalent number of civilians, are believed to have died, with many more injured; however, the war brought neither reparations nor changes in borders. The conflict has been compared to World War I in terms of the tactics used, including large-scale trench warfare with barbed wire stretched across trenches, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, human wave attacks across a no-man's land, and extensive use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas by the Iraqi government against Iranian troops, civilians, and Iraqi Kurds. Many Muslim countries along with Western countries supported Iraq with loans, military equipment and satellite imagery during Iraqi attacks against Iranian targets. At the time of the conflict, the U.N. Security Council issued statements that "chemical weapons had been used in the war." U.N. statements never clarified that only Iraq was using chemical weapons, and according to retrospective authors "the international community remained silent as Iraq used weapons of mass destruction against Iranian() as well as Iraqi Kurds."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IRAQ vii. IRAN-IRAQ WAR )〕 The UN Security Council did not identify Iraq as the aggressor of the war until 11 December 1991, some 12 years after Iraq invaded Iran and 16 months following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Iran-Iraq War: Legal and International Dimensions )〕 ==Terminology== The Iran–Iraq War was originally referred to as the ''Gulf War'' until the Persian Gulf War of 1990 and 1991, after which it was referred to as the ''First Persian Gulf War''. The Iraq–Kuwait conflict, which was originally known as the ''Second Persian Gulf War'' eventually became known simply as the ''Gulf War''. The Iraq War from 2003 to 2011 has since been called the ''Second Persian Gulf War''. It is now most commonly called the ''Iran–Iraq War''. In Iran, the war is known as the ''Imposed War'' ( ') and the ''Holy Defense'' ( '). State media in Iraq dubbed the war ''Saddam's Qadisiyyah'' (, '), in reference to the Seventh-Century Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, in which Arab-Muslim warriors overcame the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire of Iran. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iran–Iraq War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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